Microbiology Spectrum Table of Contents Volume 11, Issue 4
Common Bacterial Infections And How To Prevent Them
Bacteria have various impacts on health, positive and negative. While some bacteria aid digestion, facilitate nutrient synthesis, and promote immune system support, harmful bacteria can cause infections, diseases, and food spoilage, leading to symptoms, such as fever, pain, fatigue, gastrointestinal issues, and increased heart rate. Unfortunately, infections caused by bacteria are of several types, which is why knowing about the most common ones is of utmost importance. Speaking with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr Sanjay Dhall, Director-Internal Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Patparganj, shares insights on the same.
Also Read: Viral Versus Bacterial Infection: Why You Need To Know The Difference
What Is A Bacterial Infection?A bacterial infection occurs when harmful bacteria enter the body and start multiplying, causing illness. These bacteria can be found everywhere in our environment, and while many are harmless or even helpful, some can cause diseases. When harmful bacteria invade our body, they can multiply and release toxins, leading to various symptoms and health problems.
According to a study, published in the Journal International Encyclopedia of Public Health, bacteria usually spread to humans through air, water, food, or living vectors. The primary modes of transmission include "contact, airborne, droplet, vectors, and vehicular," the study shares.
Furthermore, each bacteria species holds a preference to infect certain organs and not others.
The above-mentioned study says, "Neisseria meningitidis normally infects the meninges (covering) of the central nervous system, causing meningitis, and can also infect the lungs, causing pneumonia. It is not, however, a cause of skin infection. Staphylococcus aureus, which people typically carry on their skin or mucous membranes, often causes skin and soft tissue infections, but also spreads readily throughout the body via the bloodstream and can cause infection of the lungs, abdomen, heart valves, and almost any other site."
Common Bacterial Infections To NoteAccording to Dr Dhall, most common bacterial infections are those pertaining to the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract.
Respiratory infectionsThe respiratory tract infections can be further divided in two categories, namely acute upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.
The upper respiratory tract infection can lead to conditions like strep throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis), caused by Streptococcus bacteria, and sinusitis, inflammation of the sinuses, both of which can lead to sore throat, fever, and congestion.
Lower respiratory tract infections like bronchitis and pneumonitis are less common and affect vulnerable populations like diabetics, elderly persons and immuno- suppressed individuals, says Dr Dhall.
Gastrointestinal tract infectionsSome of the common gastrointestinal tract bacterial infections include:
Salmonella: It causes food poisoning with symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Campylobacter: Another common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, leading to diarrhoea and stomach pain.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)A UTI is usually caused by a bacteria called Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and affects the urethra, bladder, vagina or kidneys. Research suggests women are more prone to UTI than men, mainly because of the female lower urinary tract anatomy and its nearness to the reproductive organs.
Also Read: Habits That Can Help You Prevent a UTI
Skin InfectionsCertain bacteria can also affect the skin - the most common being Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. Common skin infections associated with bacteria include:
Cellulitis: This bacterial infection of the skin often occurs due to Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria, leading to redness, swelling, and pain.
Impetigo: It is a highly contagious skin infection, usually caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, characterised by blisters and sores.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are said to be transmitted through sexual contact. This includes vaginal, anal and oral sex.
Shockingly, more than 10 lakh STIs are acquired every day worldwide, the majority of which are asymptomatic.
Common STIs caused by bacteria include: Chlamydia, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria, and gonorrhoea, a result of Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria.
Prevention & Treatment OptionsWhen it comes to preventing bacterial infections, maintaining hand hygiene, taking good care of food hygiene, avoiding crowded places, and practising safe sex are some of the crucial steps.
Treatment for bacterial infections often involves antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare provider. It's essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed to ensure the infection is completely eradicated and to prevent antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat them. Ensure that you consult your doctor about the same.
Skin Health: Here Are 5 Infections That Can Seriously Damage Skin
Our skin serves as a protective barrier against numerous environmental threats, but it is not like it remains unaffected. Infections can breach this barrier and lead to serious skin health issues. Here are five infections that can have a significant impact on your skin health. In an interaction with OnlyMyHealth, Dr SK Gupta, Dermatologist, DMCH, Darbhanga, Bihar, explained about 5 infections that can seriously damage your skin.
1. CellulitisCellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that occurs when bacteria enter through a cut, scrape, or insect bite. It can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area. Without prompt treatment, cellulitis can spread and lead to more severe complications.
Also read: Best Ayurvedic Treatment For Skin Rashes And Itching
2. ImpetigoImpetigo is a highly contagious bacterial infection, often seen in children. It manifests as red sores or blisters that rupture and develop a characteristic honey-coloured crust. Scratching can worsen the condition and increase the risk of spreading the infection.
3. Fungal InfectionsFungal infections like ringworm, athlete's foot, and yeast infections can affect the skin. They typically result in redness, itching, and sometimes, a rash with a raised border. Fungal infections are common and can thrive in warm, moist areas of the body.
4. Staph and MRSA InfectionsStaphylococcus aureus (staph) bacteria can cause skin infections, including boils, abscesses, and folliculitis. According to the journal Infection and Drug Resistance, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a more resistant strain, making treatment challenging. MRSA infections often appear as painful, red, swollen areas on the skin.
Also read: 9 Best Skincare Ingredients For Indian Skin Tones
5. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)HSV can cause oral herpes (cold sores) or genital herpes. These viral infections result in painful, fluid-filled blisters on the affected area of the skin. While they can be managed with antiviral medications, flare-ups can still occur.
It's important to recognise the signs of skin infections and seek medical attention promptly. Left untreated, these infections can lead to complications, such as the spread of bacteria or viruses to other parts of the body, scarring, and systemic illness.
Prevention plays a key role in maintaining skin health. Here are some tips to reduce the risk of skin infections:
1. Good Hygiene: Wash your hands regularly and keep your skin clean. Shower after physical activities, especially if you sweat.
2. Wound Care: Properly clean and cover any cuts, scrapes, or wounds to prevent bacterial entry.
3. Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Do not share towels, razors, or personal items that come into contact with your skin.
4. Foot Hygiene: Keep your feet dry, especially between the toes, to prevent fungal infections.
5. Immunisation: Consider vaccines like the HPV vaccine to reduce the risk of certain viral skin infections.
6. Skin Protection: Use sunscreen to protect your skin from harmful UV radiation, reducing the risk of skin cancer.
7. Avoid Scratching: Refrain from scratching itchy skin, as it can worsen infections and lead to complications.
Everyone's skin is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. If you suspect a skin infection or have concerns about your skin health, consult a doctor or dermatologist for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention is crucial in preventing serious damage to your skin and overall well-being.
Cellulitis: Causes, Symptoms And Ways To Cure This Common But Serious Bacterial Skin Infection
If you observe symptoms like swelling, tenderness, pain, spots, blisters, or skin dimpling, pay close attention. These could be signs of cellulitis, a common yet potentially serious bacterial skin infection.
Cellulitis presents as swollen and inflamed skin that is often painful and warm to the touch. It commonly targets the lower extremities, although it can manifest on the face, arms, and various other regions of the body. This infection takes root when a breach in the skin's integrity provides an entry point for bacteria. It mostly starts as a superficial skin condition, but if untreated, cellulitis can escalate from a mild irritation to a severe and even life-threatening health concern.
Causes of cellulitis
Cellulitis occurs when bacteria find an entry point through a cut or crack in the skin. These germs then go into the tissues beneath your skin, causing an infection. Common culprits behind this are Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria, which include MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). MRSA is a type of bacteria that's especially worrisome because it doesn't respond well to certain antibiotics.
Symptoms of cellulitis
The symptoms of cellulitis can vary but typically include localised pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. The skin may take on a dimpled or pitted appearance, and in some cases, it can develop blisters, pustules, or even abscesses. The infection often causes fever, chills, and a general feeling of being unwell.
Risk factors
Several factors increase the risk of cellulitis. These include skin injuries like cuts, burns, insect bites, or surgical wounds that create openings for bacteria. Chronic conditions such as diabetes or eczema can weaken the skin's protective shield, as can a compromised immune system in cases such as HIV/AIDS or during cancer treatment. Additionally, lymphedema, marked by limb swelling, poses another risk, alongside intravenous drug use, obesity, and a history of prior cellulitis episodes.
Preventive measures
Preventing cellulitis is possible by taking appropriate precautions:
Care for the wound: Immediately clean and cover any cuts, scrapes, or insect bites to prevent bacteria from entering. Intact skin is an effective defence, but once it is breached, it can become susceptible to infections.
Hygiene is the key: Maintain good personal hygiene and make sure to moisturise dry skin in order to prevent cracking. Opt for mild, non-drying soaps and regularly apply a good moisturiser to keep the skin healthy.
Keep the pests away: Insect bites can add to the horror. Use insect repellent to avoid insect bites. You can also use safety nets or spray the area with pesticides and insecticides.
Manage chronic conditions: It is important to control any underlying conditions like diabetes and eczema to maintain skin health, as they can worsen the prognosis.
Cope with lymphedema: If you have lymphedema (swelling due to lymph build-up), follow proper care guidelines to minimise the risk. These guidelines may include compression garments, exercises, and elevation, while also seeking emotional support.
It is vital to understand that even seemingly minor skin issues deserve consideration. Cellulitis is a condition that requires immediate medical attention. Antibiotics are typically prescribed for treatment, and in severe cases, hospitalisation may be necessary.
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