Bactrim DS Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing
Bison Outside Yellowstone National Park
Though bison are well-suited for the harsh climate of Yellowstone National Park, the winters from 1995 to 1997 were particularly severe in the high country, forcing bison to leave the park in search of food. They found milder conditions and convenient grazing on several U.S. Forest Service allotments that were used by area cattle ranching families in the summer.In 1995, the Yellowstone bison herd was designated by the Montana state legislature as a species in need of disease management, as some bison carry brucellosis.
The Montana state legislature then designated the Deparment of Livestock (DOL) to be the lead agency for the bison/brucellosis disease management outside of Yellowstone. It was the DOL's responsibility to work with other state and federal agencies either to force the bison leaving Yellowstone National Park back within park boundaries or to capture and test for brucellosis those bison that could not be moved back into the park. The DOL's role in bison management has been problematic for environmental groups who believe that wildlife officials, not a livestock agency, should be managing bison.
Brucellosis
Ranchers are nervous about mingling between cattle and bison because of brucellosis, which can decrease milk production and animal weight, cause spontaneous abortion of the animal's first fetus and cause infertility. For nearly 60 years and at a cost of billions of dollars, the livestock industry across the United States has waged a war to eliminate brucellosis from its herds. In 1952, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimated that annual losses due to this disease were more than $400 million. To prevent an epidemic of the disease, federal and state agriculture officials have eliminated infected herds.Brucellosis can also infect human beings, causing persistent, intermittent flu-like symptoms known as undulant fever. Transmission occurs through direct contact between a person's open cuts and birthing fluids or animal tissue. Veterinarians, butchers and farmers have been those most commonly affected, though the incidence of brucellosis in humans is extremely rare.
Brucellosis was first identified in domestic cattle in the United States in 1910. In 1917, it was first identified in Yellowstone bison.
The USDA, responding to livestock and public health concerns, began an effort to control and eradicate brucellosis in 1934 by developing vaccines and depopulating entire herds when several animals tested positive for the bacterium. Currently, all but Florida and South Dakota are brucellosis-free, and these last two states are poised to eradicate the disease.
After more than 30 years and $30 million, and the sacrifice of many cattle, Montana achieved brucellosis-free status in 1985. That same year, state and federal agencies began eliminating some Yellowstone bison that migrated out of park boundaries. Since the winter of 1991-92, Native Americans from reservations such as northern Cheyenne, Crow, and Fort Peck have sometimes assisted in harvesting and using the bison carcasses. Other bison carcasses have been distributed to nonprofit charitable organizations and food banks.
A scientific dispute
Yellowstone's bison herd carries an uncontrolled pocket of the disease. However, detractors of the slaughter believe there are flaws in the bison management:DeFraites Study
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn early spring 1992, 125 veterans of Operation Desert Shield/Storm (ODS/S) assigned to the 123d Army Reserve Command (ARCOM) reported a wide variety of non-specific symptoms including fatigue, joint pains, skin rashes, headaches, loss of memeory, mood changes, diarrhea, bleeding and painful gums, and loss of hair. Most of these symptoms were first noticed after the soldiers returned home after the deployment to southwest (SW) Asia. Although several had been medically evaluated, no unifying diagnosis, other than a suspected reaction to stress had emerged. On 11-12 April, seventy-nine 123d ARCOM soldiers with symptoms or concerns were evaluated by a multidisciplinary medical team. Each soldier completed a medical questionnaire and a brief symptom inventory, and was interviewed by an epidemiologist, an occupational medicine physician and a psychiatrist. All were examined by an oral pathologist and had blood drawn for laboratory testing. There was no evidnce of an outbreak or cluster of any unique disease process. Very few soldiers gave histories that suggested any known hazardous exposures. Because of the wide variety of experiences during the deployment, ther ewere very few exposures common to the entire group. Reported symptoms did not correspond with known health effects of those exposures. Positive objective findings on physical examination and laboratory screening testing wre very limited, and were similar to those found in soldiers from Fort Lewis, WA, and Fort Bragg, NC, who were not deployed to SW Asia. Dental examination revealed gingivitis, periodontal disease, caries, and other chronic oral conditions as likely causes for the dental symptoms. Results of specific testing for leishmaniasis, brucellosis, and other agents indicated no role for them in causing the symptoms reported by this group. Although no confirmed pathogens have yet been isolated from those soldiers with diarrhea, some chronic diarrhea could conceivably have been related to the deployment and may require additional evaluation. The paucity of abnormal physical or laboratory findings, the types of symptoms reported, the association of onset of the symptoms with redeployment, and results of the psychiatric evaluation suggest that many of the symptoms are likely to be stress-related. These may represent a stress reaction to redeployment and subsequent readjustment to civilian life. Additional medical evaluation of these soldiers is indicated only on an individual basis. Stress management intervention with full command support is warranted. Additional epidemiological evaluation may be necessary, but only if specific diagnosable medical conditions emerge from this group.
IX. SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Evaluation Of Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Visceral Leishmaniasis
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