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U'khand Districts On Alert After Bird Flu Confirmed In US Nagar, Bageshwar

Rudrapur/Bageshwar: Authorities in Udham Singh Nagar and Bageshwar have ordered swift containment measures after bird flu (H5N1 avian influenza) was confirmed in separate incidents, officials said on Saturday.In Udham Singh Nagar's Kichha area, more than 2,200 birds were culled following sudden deaths at a poultry farm in Kishanpur village on Thursday. Tests at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) in Bareilly confirmed the presence of the highly contagious H5N1 virus.District officials sealed a one-km radius around the farm, declaring it an "infected zone," with a 10-km "surveillance zone" set up around it. On Friday, Pulbhata police intercepted poultry-carrying vehicles and turned them back. Samples from other farms in the area have also been sent for testing."We have sealed the 1 km infected zone and sanitised the area. Poultry transport has been banned and strict checking is under way at the Pulbhata border. People are advised to avoid consuming poultry products until further notice," said SDM Gaurav Pandey.The district administration also imposed a week-long ban on transportation of poultry, meat and eggs from neighbouring Uttar Pradesh, where bird flu has been reported in Rampur district's Bilaspur block. "The administration is on high alert, and we are monitoring the situation round the clock," said district magistrate Nitin Bhadauria.In Bageshwar district, a similar outbreak was reported in Soli village on Friday, where dozens of chickens died under mysterious circumstances. Lab tests confirmed avian influenza. District magistrate Ashish Bhatgain ordered culling of all poultry within a 1 km radius and banned supply and sale of poultry and eggs within a 10-km radius of Soli.DM Bhatgain convened a meeting of the district-level bird flu control committee and directed departments to work in coordination. "The situation is completely under control. These are precautionary steps being taken in public interest," he said.Chief veterinary officer Dr KK Joshi confirmed ongoing testing at IVRI, noting that toxicological tests revealed bird flu symptoms. Authorities have also suspended poultry transport, instructed safe disposal of carcasses, ordered monitoring of migratory birds and tightened checks at inter-district borders.In neighbouring Almora, where no cases have been detected so far, authorities have deployed 11 rapid action teams and one rapid response team, alongside public awareness drives. Residents have been advised to avoid poultry products, while market inspections are under way to prevent supply of poultry from outside the district.

Bird Flu FAQ: What Is Avian Influenza? How Is It Transmitted To Humans ...

Avian influenza ("bird flu") is a highly contagious viral infection that affects wild and domestic birds worldwide. It has recently gained notoriety for its devastating impact on the commercial poultry sector and as an emerging human public health threat.

What are avian influenza viruses?

Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxovirus family and are grouped into four species designated by the letters A (Alpha), B (Beta), C (Gamma) and D (Delta). Almost all influenza infections in humans are caused by influenza A and B viruses.

Influenza A viruses have been named avian (bird), swine (pig), equine (horse), canine (dog), chiropteran (bat) and human, based on their natural reservoir (the organism where they are most commonly found).

Influenza species and host-specific forms of Influenza A. (Sameer Elsayed), Author provided

Avian influenza and other Influenza A viruses are categorized into subtypes according to the composition of their hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) surface proteins. There are 18 known H types (H1 to H18) and 11 known N types (N1 to N11). The combination of an H type and an N type defines a specific influenza virus subtype (for example, H5N1).

What do we know about avian influenza?

Avian influenza ("bird flu") was first described in the late 1800s. It's a highly transmissible and usually mild disease of wild birds such as geese, swans, seagulls, shorebirds, and also domestic birds such as chickens and turkeys. It is usually caused by influenza A viruses with an H5 or H7 hemaglutinin type, for example, H5N1 or H7N9.

In Canada and the U.S., outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in domestic and wild birds have been reported in most regions. Wikimedia Commons/Woodly Wonderwords, CC BY

While many forms of these viruses are minimally virulent — meaning they cause mild disease — some are highly virulent, meaning that they cause more serious disease. Millions of poultry deaths in Asia, Europe, the Americas and Australia have been attributed to highly virulent forms of H5N1, H5N8, H7N7 and H7N9, with H5N1 accounting for the vast majority of cases.

In Canada and the U.S., outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in domestic and wild birds have been reported in most regions.

How is avian influenza transmitted to humans? Bird flu cannot be transmitted by eating cooked poultry products. (Unsplash/Tofan Teodor)

Avian influenza viruses are not easily transmitted from birds to humans or to other animals. Humans are accidental hosts — meaning that the virus does not typically circulate among people. Humans may acquire the virus after inhaling birds' respiratory droplets or exposure of their mucus membranes to bird feces, saliva or contaminated surfaces.

Bird flu cannot be transmitted by eating cooked poultry products. Always follow food safety guidelines for cooking and for handling raw poultry.

Recently discovered mutations in the neuraminidase (N) gene of H5N1 viruses isolated from humans appear to promote bird-to-human transmission. Fortunately, human-to-human transmission is extremely rare.

When was avian influenza first reported in humans?

The first human cases of avian influenza were reported in 1997 by public health authorities in Hong Kong. These infections were linked to poultry infected with a highly virulent H5N1 subtype. Of the 18 affected individuals, six (33 per cent) succumbed to their illness.

Since then, avian influenza has been responsible for at least 2,600 infections and over 1,000 deaths in humans worldwide. In the majority of human cases, infection was acquired following exposure to live poultry rather than wild birds.

Human infections due to avian influenza viruses have primarily been caused by subtypes H5N1, H5N6, H7N7 and H7N9. All but two of the documented human fatalities to date have occurred in low-to-middle-income countries, likely as a consequence of the total case burden and lack of access to antiviral drugs.

What are the signs and symptoms of avian influenza in humans? How is it diagnosed?

Early symptoms of avian influenza in humans are similar to those caused by seasonal influenza viruses such as H3N2 and H1N1. Typical symptoms include fevers, chills, muscle aches, cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, headache and fatigue.

Infections caused by highly virulent forms of H5N1 or H7N9 subtypes may follow a more severe course of illness characterized by internal bleeding, multi-organ failure and a high mortality rate.

The combination of an influenza-like illness and a recent history of exposure to live poultry should raise suspicion for avian influenza. The diagnosis is confirmed by detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal specimens using tests for specific subtypes.

What treatments are available for avian influenza?

Antiviral drugs belonging to the neuraminidase inhibitor (such as oseltamivir) and endonuclease inhibitor classes (for example, baloxivir) appear to be highly effective against most avian influenza subtypes, including H5N1 and H7N9. However, antiviral resistance has been well documented and represents a threat to the potency of these agents in the face of constant viral evolution.

Is there a human vaccine against avian influenza? Human vaccines against avian flu have been developed and approved, but current stockpiles are unlikely to meet demand if there is a surge in human infections. Wikimedia/U.S. Marine Corps/Jackeline Perez Rivera

Licensed vaccines exist to protect humans against avian influenza, although they are not commercially available.

In 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an H5N1 vaccine for adults ages 18 and older. These vaccines form part of the U.S. Government's Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) of medicines for deployment in the event of a public health emergency. In 2013, the FDA approved a second H5N1 vaccine that is also part of the SNS.

Similar vaccines are licensed in other jurisdictions. All of these vaccines were shown to be safe and effective at the time of approval.

In contrast, H5N1 vaccines for use in animals are commercially available. Vaccination of poultry has been widely adopted in China and other low-to-middle income countries. The U.S. And Europe are gearing up for a massive poultry vaccination campaign to curtail the spread of bird flu.

How else can I protect myself against avian influenza?

Avoiding direct contact with live poultry is perhaps the single most effective measure to prevent development of avian influenza. If exposure to potentially infected birds cannot be avoided, personal protective gear including gloves, gowns, face masks and eye shields should be worn. Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap and water after all potential exposures. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are less effective at inactivating influenza viruses compared to handwashing.

Are bird feeders safe to use? There are divergent opinions on the potential role of bird feeders in spreading the disease. (Unsplash/Grayson Smith)

Although there is currently a negligible risk of developing avian influenza following wild bird exposure, there are divergent opinions on the role of bird feeders in potentially spreading the disease.

The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals recommends temporarily abandoning the practice of using backyard bird feeders. In contrast, the U.S. Department of Agriculture does not recommend against their use unless poultry are being farmed in the area.

Is avian influenza the next viral pandemic?

There is no way to predict if avian influenza will evolve into a pandemic affecting humans. Mitigation strategies to prevent cross-species transmission include large-scale pre-emptive vaccination of domestic birds and culling of infected flocks.

Of major concern is the potential for novel avian influenza subtypes to emerge through antigenic shift. This phenomenon involves reassortment of hemaglutinin and neuraminidase genes when a single host is infected with more than one viral subtype. As such, avian influenza is a prime contender as a pandemic viral disease of animals and humans alike.

Current stockpiles of avian influenza vaccines for human use will likely be inadequate to meet societal needs should there be a surge in human infections over time.

Report Details First Suspected H5 Avian Flu Detections In Seabirds In Antarctica

An international virologist group representing more than 80 research labs across more than 40 countries yesterday reaffirmed their support for the continued development and deployment of mRNA vaccines, a statement that came in response to the United States' top health agency announcement earlier this month that it was scrapping further work on projects involving the mRNA vaccine platform. 

gorodenkoff / iStock

Scientists and public health experts said dismantling the research is a dangerous move that will dramatically hobble US pandemic preparedness. However, the head of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Jay Bhattacharya, MD, PhD, on X yesterday amplified what many scientists say is misinformation about mRNA risks and benefits by posting a clip from a far-right political talk show where he said the mRNA vaccine platform is no longer viable for public health purposes.

The Global Virus Network (GVN), which is dedicated to advancing pandemic preparedness, said vaccination is one of public health's greatest achievements and has prevented 4.4 million deaths each year. It added that mRNA vaccine platforms have emerged as one of the most significant biomedical achievements of the 21st century, and have reshaped the world's ability to quickly respond to new viral threats. 

The group estimated that the COVID-19 vaccines averted 7.5 million deaths between 2000 and 2024 globally, and that of the more than 298 million doses administered in the United States in the first 6 months of rollout, fewer than 1% of recipients experienced adverse reactions or complications. GVN added that clinical data suggest between March 2021 and January 2022, mRNA cut the death rate by about 90% and were 94% effective against severe disease during the Omicron wave.

mRNA work continues for other disease threats and cancer therapy

Johan Neyts, PhD, who directs the GVN Center of Excellent in at KU Leuven in Belgium, said in a statement, "Various members of the GVN are working across continents to accelerate innovation in mRNA-based vaccines, not only for coronaviruses but also for dengue, Zika, Lassa fever, and other high-consequence pathogens." The group noted that the mRNA vaccine platform has also shown promise for cancer immunotherapy.

The statement also said scientific transparency, public health engagement, and a global commitment to research must remain at the heart of mRNA vaccine deployment strategies. GVN said it advocates for a globally coordinated approach to mRNA vaccine development and deployment that hinges on expanding capacity in low- and middle-income countries, supporting next-generation mRNA innovation, and battling misinformation through collaboration.

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