Routine immunization for children in the Philippines

The Bacteria Behind Stomach Ulcers

Rosemary Leonard

If you had a stomach ulcer 20 years ago, you would be told to cut down on rich food, alcohol, cigarettes and stress.

The ultimate solution was surgery to reduce the acid secretion in the stomach by cutting its nerve supply, or, more drastic still, having part of your stomach removed.

How things have changed. It is now known that 80 pc of stomach ulcers and 95 pc of duodenal ulcers are due to the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H pylori).

This bug also appears to be the main cause of gastritis, where there is chronic inflammation of the stomach lining.

More worrying, H pylori infection has also been linked with an increased risk of stomach cancer.

The bacteria appear to invade the mucus that lines and protects the wall of both the stomach and the duodenum, where it acts as an irritant, causing inflammation and making the stomach more susceptible to acid attack.

It seems increasingly likely that people are infected in childhood.

Overcrowded living conditions and poor sanitation increase infection rates, to the extent that in underdeveloped countries 80 pc are affected. In the UK, the figure is about 50 pc - still alarmingly high.

The infection also appears to spread easily within families.

H pylori infection can be diagnosed in several ways. As with any infection, the body's immune system produces antibodies to H pylori, and these can be detected via a blood test.

But a blood test is no good for assessing whether treatment has been successful. For this, a urea breath test is more helpful.

This involves swallowing a harmless substance that is broken down by the stomach if the bacteria are present. The breakdown products can then be detected in the breath.

H pylori can also be accurately detected by taking a sample directly from the stomach lining during endoscopy.

Treatment with antibiotics and special antacid drugs can eradicate the bacterial infection, allowing the stomach lining to return to normal and ulcers to heal.

As with many infections, some strains of H pylori are becoming resistant to standard antibiotic treatments. Those with persistent symptoms should see their doctor to discuss a breath test and a possible different course of treatment.

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8 Simple Ways To Fix Stomach Infection Using Kitchen Ingredients

Blame it on bad eating habits, seasonal change or allergens, stomach infection is undeniably an unnerving experience, which can take a toll on overall health and metabolism. In fact, most people consume medications for that instant relief, but you will be amazed to know that there are certain kitchen essentials that can help in healing the infection naturally. Here are eight simple remedies you can try at home.Ginger TeaGinger is known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Drinking ginger tea can help soothe the stomach lining and reduce nausea. Simply boil a few slices of fresh ginger in water for 10-15 minutes, strain, and enjoy it warm. Adding honey or lemon can enhance the flavor and benefits.GarlicGarlic acts as a natural antibiotic, helping to combat bacteria and strengthen the immune system. Consuming 1-2 raw garlic cloves on an empty stomach can be effective. If the taste is too strong, try mixing it with honey or incorporating it into your meals for added flavor.Apple Cider VinegarApple cider vinegar (ACV) possesses antibacterial properties and can help restore the stomach's pH balance. Mixing 1-2 tablespoons of ACV in a glass of warm water and drinking it before meals can aid digestion and reduce discomfort. Turmeric MilkTurmeric contains curcumin, known for its powerful anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. To make turmeric milk, mix a teaspoon of turmeric powder in a glass of warm milk. Sweeten with honey if desired, and enjoy this soothing drink once daily for relief.BananasBananas are easy to digest and can help replenish lost electrolytes. They are a part of the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast), which is often recommended for gastrointestinal issues. Eating a ripe banana can provide quick relief from nausea and diarrhea.Cumin SeedsCumin seeds have antimicrobial properties that can aid digestion and reduce bloating. To use them, boil 1-2 teaspoons of cumin seeds in water for 10 minutes. Strain and drink the infusion, or add cumin to your meals for a flavorful health boost.YogurtYogurt is rich in probiotics, which help restore the natural balance of gut bacteria after an infection. Consuming plain, unsweetened yogurt can be beneficial. Aim for one serving daily, and you can mix in honey or fruits for added taste and nutrition.Fennel SeedsFennel seeds have carminative properties that can alleviate gas and bloating. Chewing on a teaspoon of fennel seeds after meals can provide digestive relief. Alternatively, steep fennel seeds in hot water to make a soothing tea.

What Are The Symptoms Of Foodborne Illnesses Like E. Coli And Listeria? What To Know Amid McDonald's Outbreak, Other Food Recalls.

What to know about E. Coli and its symptoms following an outbreak linked to McDonald's. (Gene J. Puskar/AP)

McDonald's has paused sales of its Quarter Pounder hamburgers in several states following an E. Coli outbreak. As of Oct. 24, 75 cases of E. Coli have been reported across 13 states, with illnesses starting between Sept. 27 and Oct. 10, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Of that 75, 22 people have been hospitalized and two developed hemolytic uremic syndrome — a condition that can cause kidney failure. One death, not connected to hemolytic uremic syndrome, has occurred in Colorado.

"Most sick people are reporting eating Quarter Pounder hamburgers from McDonald's, and investigators are working quickly to confirm which food ingredient is contaminated," the CDC alert says. The agency notes that an early review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests that slivered onions served on the burgers are a "likely source of contamination," while ground beef patties are also being investigated.

This has prompted a recall from the onion supplier, Taylor Farms, "out of an abundance of caution," though the company tells CBS News that its own tests showed no traces of E. Coli in the onions. Other fast food chains, including Burger King, have also stopped serving fresh onions, Reuters reports.

But McDonald's is not the only place where foodborne illness has been a concern in recent weeks.

Foodborne illnesses are shockingly common in the United States. The CDC says that about 48 million people get sick from foodborne diseases every year. Here's a guide to these illnesses, from symptoms to treatment.

E. Coli

What it is: A bacteria that lives in the intestines of people and animals, and is known as Escherichia coli, or E. Coli. Though it is harmless while in the gut, ingesting certain types of E. Coli — such as E. Coli O157:H7 — can cause severe gastrointestinal issues, according to the Mayo Clinic. One way E. Coli is spread is when feces contaminate food and water. Since animals can potentially carry pathogenic E. Coli, touching animals, such as at a petting zoo, can potentially put you at risk.

What the symptoms are: Stomach issues include severe cramping, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Fever is also common. In extreme cases, E. Coli may lead to a type of kidney failure called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or the development of high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease and neurologic problems, according to the FDA.

"If people develop bloody diarrhea or have a decline in urine output or are pale, they should seek medical attention," says Shaw.

What experts need you to know: Consuming ground beef can potentially put you at a greater risk of E. Coli exposure. "If you cook your steak, and you cook the outside, you're usually safe from it," says Parsonnet. "But if you make hamburgers, you're taking the outside of the meat that's been contaminated, and you're mixing it in the middle." (The USDA recommends cooking ground beef to a safe minimum internal temperature of 160°F to destroy harmful bacteria.)

But it's not just ground beef that's linked to outbreaks. "A few years ago, there was an E. Coli outbreak in apple juice because it was probably contaminated by feces," says Parsonnet. Anything that's contaminated with animal feces, such as produce grown in fields, has the potential to expose you to E. Coli, she says.

Listeria

What it is: A disease-causing bacteria called listeria monocytogenes. It can survive and grow under refrigeration. The disease people develop after eating food contaminated with this bacteria is called listeriosis.

What the symptoms are: Mild symptoms of listeriosis include fever, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, while symptoms for the more severe form of listeriosis include headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance and convulsions, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

What experts need you to know: "Listeria has the unfortunate property to grow under refrigeration temperatures, which is uncommon for foodborne illness," Dr. Albert Shaw tells Yahoo Life. Shaw is an infectious diseases specialist and professor of medicine at Yale School of Medicine. Shaw added: "It can contaminate any food really, but we see outbreaks in raw fruits and vegetables, as well as improperly heated hot dogs and things like deli meats. Unpasteurized milk or soft cheeses, especially Brie and queso that are made with potentially unpasteurized ingredients, have been associated with outbreaks in the past."

While listeriosis symptoms can typically be treated at home, Dr. Julie Parsonnet notes that the disease can be serious in certain individuals. Parsonnet is a professor of infectious diseases at Stanford University School of Medicine. "Pregnant women are at risk because the bacteria can get into the bloodstream and the placenta, and there's a high risk of fetal loss due to the infection," she tells Yahoo Life. "The elderly can also get listeria in their blood and their brain, causing meningitis. It's not a common cause of disease, but among the foodborne illnesses, listeria is one of the more common causes of death."

Salmonella

What it is: A group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness. It's typically associated with meat and poultry as well as undercooked eggs, but dairy products, fruits and leafy greens can also be contaminated.

What the symptoms are: Gastrointestinal illness, which includes diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps. More severe illnesses associated with salmonella include high fever, lethargy, a rash and blood in the urine or stool, according to the FDA.

What experts need you to know: In the U.S., poultry and eggs — as seen with this recent outbreak and recall — are the most common sources of salmonella, says Parsonnet. You can typically avoid the bacteria by cooking your food. It's also important to avoid cross contamination while preparing food, making sure that raw ingredients don't touch anything you will be consuming.

Shaw says that for those with a normal immune system, salmonella typically runs its course in two to three days. Though most people recover at home, Parsonnet says it's possible to see "severe illness in people who are immunocompromised or have sickle cell anemia."

Hepatitis A

What it is: A highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Exposure typically happens when people come into close contact with an infected person, as well as through eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the virus.

What the symptoms are: Lethargy, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, joint pain and dark-colored urine are all common symptoms. Clay- or gray-colored stool, as well as intense itching and jaundiced skin, are signs that can distinguish a hepatitis A infection from other foodborne illnesses.

What experts need you to know: Hepatitis A is rare in the U.S., thanks to vaccinations, notes Parsonnet. Adults who get hepatitis A typically recover within one to two weeks, but it's possible for the disease to become chronic, which can lead to liver failure and death.

Shaw says that hepatitis A "is usually foodborne, either from contamination in the fields or with a food handler who is preparing food without sufficient precautions. Transmission can come from someone going to the bathroom and not washing their hands sufficiently and then preparing food."

Recent hepatitis A outbreaks have been linked to strawberries, as well as raw scallops, frozen tuna and conventional blackberries.

Norovirus

What it is: A highly contagious virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea.

What the symptoms are: Norovirus causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. "It usually resolves within two to three days," says Shaw. These symptoms typically last one to three days, according to the Mayo Clinic.

What experts need you to know: Typically, people become infected after coming into contact with the virus by consuming food or drink contaminated by another person with the virus, or by coming into contact with a surface or object with the virus and then touching their mouth.

According to the CDC, norovirus is responsible for about 50% of all outbreaks of food-related illness, most of which happen in food-service settings such as restaurants.

"This is the virus that's associated with outbreaks on cruise ships," Shaw points out. "It is highly contagious because the dose that you need to become infected is really low."

Parsonnet agrees, adding: "If you have it, you can easily give it to your family and to other people in the household" through being in close contact, such as sharing food or eating utensils. Most people recover without treatment, but symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting can cause severe dehydration.

How to recover from foodborne illnesses

The treatment for mild foodborne illness is typically rest and drinking plenty of fluids in order to avoid dehydration. In rare and severe cases, listeria and salmonella may be treated with antibiotics.

It's also important to keep an eye on your symptoms, notes Parsonnet. A fever greater than 102°F, bloody diarrhea or diarrhea with mucus, bad abdominal cramps, weakness or confusion, and symptoms that don't improve within 48 hours warrant reaching out to a health care provider.

This article was originally published on June 15, 2023, and has been updated.

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