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Cake-Seeking Iguana Bites 3-Year-Old Girl, Leading To Mycobacterium Marinum Infection

A case report to be presented at the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious ... [+] Diseases (ECCMID) shows how a cake-induced iguana encounter in Costa Rica led to an unusual infection. Here a common green iguana (Iguana iguana) bathes in the sun in Costa Rica. (Photo by Sylvain CORDIER/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images)

Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images

When iguanas want cake, let them eat cake. That's one of the take home messages from a case report entitled "Never get between an iguana and his cake: a cautionary tale of a subcutaneous mass following an iguana bite." Jordan Mah, MD, from the Stanford University School of Medicine is scheduled to present this case report on April 18 at the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) in Copenhagen, Denmark. It's a case of a reptile dysfunction that resulted in an infection.

It can be considered a "dysfunction" because iguanas don't tend to bite humans. Instead, their diet typically consists of leaves, weeds, flowers, and fruits. But cake can make you (and apparently iguanas) do things that you normally wouldn't do. In this case, everything started when a 3-year-old girl was vacationing in Costa Rica, sitting on the beach eating cake. The girl presumably wasn't vacationing by herself because 3-year-olds don't tend to say, "I need a break from this stressful life of speaking in four-to-five word sentences and asking 'why' dozens of times a day and should book a vacation on Expedia."

While the girl was taking her sweet time on the beach, an iguana "suddenly ran up and bit her on the back of her left-hand before snatching the cake," to quote a press release from the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Apparently, the girl had given the iguana her middle finger, so to speak, since the health professional at a local clinic found a not-too-deep wound on the back of her middle finger. She received a five-day supply of amoxicillin to cover possible exposure to Salmonella bacteria, which reptiles can carry. The wound seemed to heal well over the next few days.

But this wasn't a case of all's well that ends swell. Five-months down the road, her parents noticed that she had developed a small bump on the back side of her left hand that was progressively getting larger, more red, and somewhat tender. Eventually, the girl went to Stanford Children's Health. An ultrasound of her hand showed that the lump appeared to be a cyst filled with fluid. However, when an orthopedic surgeon removed this lump, pus came out, suggesting this was instead the result of an infection.

This extreme close-up of a plate culture of Mycobacterium marinum reveals a smooth colony margin ... [+] with transmitted light. (Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images).

Getty Images

A closer look at the tissue from this mass revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Now, necrotizing ain't a good word to hear. You never want your date to say, "I found you rather necrotizing," since necrotizing means causing death. So, necrotizing inflammation is when the inflammation is resulting in the death of tissue. Doctors also found Mycobacterium marinum in the mass, a microbe that tends to be resistant to common antibiotics such as amoxicillin. Therefore, the doctors started the girl on different antibiotics, rifampin and clarithromycin, that seemed to do the trick.

M. Marinum is a very fishy pathogen as it's more commonly known to cause an illness that resembles tuberculosis in fish. Infected fish can develop skin lesions or ulcers as well as bulging eyes and swelling of their abdomens. Getting cartoon-looking eyes is not a fun thing. Neither are the other possible effects such as spinal deformities and sudden death.

Assuming that you are not a fish, you as a human can catch this bacteria, too, when you expose any open skin wounds to either fresh or salt water that's been contaminated with M. Marinum. You are not likely to get bulging eyes. Rather, skin lesions, such as nodules or ulcers, are more common. As seen in the case of the lizard's tale mentioned earlier, without treatment, these skin lesions can possibly last for months. When you have a strong immune system, these infections tend to stay localized to the skin and soft tissue. Occasionally, however, especially when your immune system is much weaker, this pathogen can spread to other parts of your body like your bones and joints. Death is possible, but is quite rare and usually occurs only in those with weakened immune systems.

When you are eating cake, make sure that there aren't any iguanas around. (Photo: Getty)

getty

Iguana bites are not common. You don't hear of too many people complaining, "There I was minding my own business during the job interview, when an iguana bit me. Of course, since it was the iguana who was interviewing me, I didn't say anything." Iguanas usually should be pretty harmless towards you as long as you are not a leaf. Therefore, you don't have to spend your days worrying, "Is an iguana gonna bite me? Is an iguana going to bite me? Is an iguana going to bite me," while hoarding rolls of toilet tissue. That doesn't mean that you should go around kissing iguanas. They can carry various bateria such as Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. Although this was the first reported case of a M. Marinum after an iguana bite, apparently iguanas can carry such a pathogen as well.

This cake and iguana story may have had many layers. But it does provide a reminder that you should be careful when carrying cake. You never know when some co-workers, friends, family, reptiles, or anyone who may be a combination of these may start eyeing your cake as if it were a hot person on Tinder. After all, cake has a way of saying, "Do you want a piece of me?" You can have your cake and eat it too. You can even have cake by the ocean, as long as there aren't any iguanas around.


Fish Around The World Are Shrinking

Fish are becoming smaller and we humans are most likely to blame. Climate change and overconsumption have drastically altered fish populations and could lead to food struggles in the future. Other species are also seeing changes due to climate change, which could lead to a shift in the aquatic ecosystem as it is currently known. Nonetheless, many marine ecosystems are actively adapting to the changing ocean and climate conditions, showing more resilience than expected. 

A whole lot of small fry

The world's fish supply is getting smaller, physically. A study published in the journal Science said that body size trends "varied across communities," but "marine fish more consistently shifted toward smaller body size." This trend is concerning for scientists as more than 3 billion people worldwide rely on fish as a source of food. "Organisms becoming smaller has important effects, as the size of animals mediates their contribution to how ecosystems function and how humans benefit from them," professor Maria Dornelas, one of the authors of the study, said to The Guardian. "Bigger fish can usually feed more people than smaller fish."

"Smaller fish produce less offspring than larger fish and therefore less productive fish populations," said Firstpost. "Fishermen will catch smaller fish. This will in turn reduce the global fish supply." This could alter the global food supply, as well as economies dependent on fishing. "It's a problem for the fishery," Art Bloom, a salmon fisherman in Alaska's Bristol Bay, said to The Washington Post. Smaller fish "don't present as well in the supermarket." 

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The changing demographic can also permanently alter the ecosystem. "In marine and other aquatic ecosystems, size determines whether you are a prey or predator," Asta Audzijonyte, who studies fish at the University of Tasmania, said to the Post. And fish are not the only aquatic species seeing changes in size. The research showed that several plants and other invertebrate species are also shrinking, while some other species are actually getting larger.  "Unfortunately, we currently lack data on many organisms other than fish to draw clear conclusions — future research will benefit from a greater investment in these kinds of measurements, particularly when exploring food webs and other species interactions," Franziska Schrodt, a co-author of the study, said to The Guardian.

Fishing for answers

While scientists can confirm that fish are becoming smaller, they cannot pinpoint a specific reason. Experts have considered two reasons: overfishing and warming oceans. "One undisputed reason so much marine life is getting smaller is fishing. Recreational anglers and commercial fishers alike like to catch large fish," said the Post. "That quest for the big ones leaves the small fries behind." An abundance of small fish will continue to produce small fish, bringing down the physical size of the population.

Research has also shown that fish tend to be smaller in size in warmer water, a phenomenon called the temperature-size rule. Though the rule has been widely observed, scientists do not know the reason. One theory was that fish gills were unable to keep up with the fish's oxygen demands in warmer water, which holds less oxygen than colder water. However, this theory did not apply across the board, and experts debate its validity. Another theory is that "fish have evolved to stay small to survive hot spells, or that some other body system besides gills is limiting oxygen uptake and growth," said the Post.

While smaller fish are a concern, ecosystems have shown signs of adapting. "The relationship between abundance change and body size change is complex and variable, but there are signs that the overall reduction in body size is being counteracted by increasing overall abundance," the study said. 

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11 Best Fish Oil Supplements In 2024, According To Dietitians

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission or other tangible benefit. Optum Store, Optum Perks, and Healthline Media are owned by RVO Health. Here's our process.

How we vet brands and products

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:
  • Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
  • Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
  • Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?
  • We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

    Was this helpful?

    Nordic Naturals is our pick for the best overall fish oil supplement. Read on for the full list plus tips for choosing the best product for you.

    If you do not regularly consume fish, consuming fish oil in supplement form can be a quick and convenient way to increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acids.

    These fatty acids play an important role in supporting heart, eye, and brain health, and for lowering inflammation and cholesterol, among other benefits.

    They are abundant in cold water fish and seafood and in lesser amounts in plant-based foods, such as nuts and seeds, and plant oils.

    Omega-3 supplementation is an easy and helpful process to increase your intake of this essential nutrient if you do not get enough from whole food sources. If you consume animal products, you can take fish oil in softgel, liquid, and gummy forms. They're available in a range of price points and dosages.

    Keep reading to see our picks of the 11 best fish oil supplements on the market.

    Disclaimer: Some of the products below were provided to Healthline testers for free. Our opinions and reviews are ours alone, and have not been reviewed, approved, or otherwise endorsed by the brands.

    Best overall fish oil supplement
  • Form: softgel
  • Number of servings: 60 per container
  • Dose: 2 softgels per day
  • Certifications: third-party tested for purity and potency, non-GMO tested, Friend of the Sea certified sustainable
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    Nordic Naturals Ultimate Omega Soft Gels is our pick for the best overall. It's a high quality supplement that provides 1,280 mg of combined EPA and DHA sourced from wild-caught sardines and anchovies.

    The softgels are lemon flavored, which can help eliminate the fishy aftertaste often found in other fish oil supplements.

    All Nordic Naturals products are certified by Friend of the Sea, an organization that ensures that seafood is sourced from sustainable fisheries and aquaculture.

    A certificate of analysis (COA) is also available for all Nordic Naturals products. This document provides detailed information on the purity, strength, and quality of supplements.

    What our tester says

    Kelli McGrane, Healthline editor and registered dietitian, shared that this supplement is her go-to for omega-3s.

    "As a dietitian, Nordic Naturals has been on my radar for years as being one of the most transparent supplement brands on the market.

    "While the capsules are quite large, I've found them easy to swallow. Plus, as someone who dislikes the smell and taste of fish, I particularly appreciate that the softgels have a pleasant lemon flavor that masks any fishiness that might otherwise be off-putting."

    Kelli McGrane, Healthline editor and registered dietitian, shared that this supplement is her go-to for omega-3s.

    "As a dietitian, Nordic Naturals has been on my radar for years as being one of the most transparent supplement brands on the market.

    "While the capsules are quite large, I've found them easy to swallow. Plus, as someone who dislikes the smell and taste of fish, I particularly appreciate that the softgels have a pleasant lemon flavor that masks any fishiness that might otherwise be off-putting."

    Pros & cons
  • lemon flavor
  • minimal ingredients
  • third-party certified
  • non-GMO verified
  • certified sustainable
  • lemon flavor
  • minimal ingredients
  • third-party certified
  • non-GMO verified
  • certified sustainable
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (1,280 mg)
  • EPA: 650 mg per serving
  • DHA: 450 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (1,280 mg)
  • EPA: 650 mg per serving
  • DHA: 450 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon
  • Best fish oil supplement for skin health
  • Form: softgel
  • Number of servings: 30 per container
  • Dose: 2 softgels per day
  • Certifications: third-party tested for purity and potency, Clean Label Project certified
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    HUM Nutrition OMG Omega the Great capsules are designed to support healthy skin thanks to their inclusion of DHA, EPA, and vitamin E.

    Each 2-capsule serving provides 1,400 mg of total omega-3s, including 400 mg of DHA and 800 mg of DHA, sourced from wild anchovies. While more research is needed, studies suggest that consuming adequate amounts of DHA and EPA may help protect against sun damage and keep your skin moisturized.

    These softgels also include 13.4 mg of vitamin E. Some research has found that inadequate intake of vitamin E may contribute to skin conditions, such as acne and atopic dermatitis.

    However, keep in mind that it's unclear whether vitamin E supplements have any additional benefits if you're already getting enough of this vitamin in your diet.

    All HUM Nutrition  products are third-party tested, non-GMO, gluten-free, and free of artificial sweeteners and colors.

    You can purchase it without subscribing, but it's much less expensive to sign up for a 3-month subscription.

    What our tester says

    "I've taken [other] omega-3 capsules before, and these are on the larger side with a distinctly fishy aroma. However, I like the brand and I have no problem swallowing bigger pills, so I would definitely continue with these."

    — Jessica Timmons, Healthline contributor

    "I've taken [other] omega-3 capsules before, and these are on the larger side with a distinctly fishy aroma. However, I like the brand and I have no problem swallowing bigger pills, so I would definitely continue with these."

    — Jessica Timmons, Healthline contributor

    Pros & cons
  • third-party tested
  • gluten-free
  • expensive
  • large capsule size
  • has a fishy smell, according to reviewers
  • not appropriate for people already taking vitamin E-containing supplements
  • third-party tested
  • gluten-free
  • expensive
  • large capsule size
  • has a fishy smell, according to reviewers
  • not appropriate for people already taking vitamin E-containing supplements
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3 fatty acids (1,400 mg)
  • EPA: 800 mg per serving
  • DHA: 400 mg per serving
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3 fatty acids (1,400 mg)
  • EPA: 800 mg per serving
  • DHA: 400 mg per serving
  • Form: capsule
  • Number of servings: 90 per container
  • Dose: 1 capsule per day
  • Certifications: NSF certified facilities
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    This high quality fish oil supplement pairs omega-3 fatty acids with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a heart-healthy antioxidant that protects against oxidative damage and helps generate energy in your cells.

    Each gelcap contains 630 mg of combined EPA and DHA sustainably sourced from cold water fish, along with 30 mg of CoQ10.

    It's worth noting that while CoQ10 supplements have been linked to benefits for heart health, exercise performance, and more, most studies suggest a dose of at least 100 mg per day. Because this supplement only provides 30 mg, people interested in the benefits of CoQ10 may need to take an additional supplement.

    Thorne's fish oil supplement has been certified by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), an Australian government agency that regulates medications and supplements.

    All Thorne Research products undergo four rounds of extensive testing to ensure that you're getting the best quality possible. Thorne's manufacturing facility is third-party certified by NSF International.

    Pros & cons
  • includes CoQ10
  • third-party certified
  • gluten-free
  • includes CoQ10
  • third-party certified
  • gluten-free
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil, coenzyme Q10 (30 mg)
  • EPA: 450 mg per serving
  • DHA: 180 mg per serving
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil, coenzyme Q10 (30 mg)
  • EPA: 450 mg per serving
  • DHA: 180 mg per serving
  • Best fish oil supplement for pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Form: softgel
  • Number of servings: 30 per bottle
  • Dose: 2 softgels per day
  • Certifications: third-party tested for purity and potency, Friend of the Sea certified sustainable
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    A daily fish oil supplement is a worthwhile addition to your daily prenatal vitamin during pregnancy.

    Omega-3 fatty acids like DHA are necessary for brain development, and one 2021 study found that women who supplemented with omega-3 in pregnancy had children with improved early language development and fewer behavioral issues.

    Additionally, omega-3 supplementation while breastfeeding can ensure that infants are getting enough DHA and EPA via breastmilk.

    This omega-3 supplement from FullWell provides EPA and DHA from small ocean fish, which are lower in mercury than other fish. High levels of mercury can cause developmental issues, so it's important for pregnant people to be mindful of the mercury sources in their diet.

    The softgels are also very small and easy to swallow, and the supplement is third-party tested for the presence of heavy metals, such as mercury, and other potentially harmful substances.

    What our tester says

    "I have been taking these most of my postpartum journey so far while breastfeeding, along with FullWell's prenatal supplement. I absolutely love that I have not experienced any fishy burps from the DHA, which I know can be common with this ingredient.

    "It doesn't seem to matter for me whether I take them with or without food. Some supplements give me a stomach ache if not taken with food, and I know that's a common side effect, so I appreciate this is one that I don't have to worry about. If I forgot to take them during the day, I can easily take them before bed without having to worry about any queasiness keeping me up.

    "I find them easy to swallow, and pretty much tasteless, which is always a plus with a fish oil supplement."

    — Catherine Conelly, Healthline editor

    "I have been taking these most of my postpartum journey so far while breastfeeding, along with FullWell's prenatal supplement. I absolutely love that I have not experienced any fishy burps from the DHA, which I know can be common with this ingredient.

    "It doesn't seem to matter for me whether I take them with or without food. Some supplements give me a stomach ache if not taken with food, and I know that's a common side effect, so I appreciate this is one that I don't have to worry about. If I forgot to take them during the day, I can easily take them before bed without having to worry about any queasiness keeping me up.

    "I find them easy to swallow, and pretty much tasteless, which is always a plus with a fish oil supplement."

    — Catherine Conelly, Healthline editor

    Pros & cons
  • contains DHA and EPA, unlike some prenatals that only contain DHA
  • small and easy to swallow
  • Friend of the Sea certified
  • third-party tested
  • expensive
  • may cause fishy burps
  • contains DHA and EPA, unlike some prenatals that only contain DHA
  • small and easy to swallow
  • Friend of the Sea certified
  • third-party tested
  • expensive
  • may cause fishy burps
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (600 mg), fish oil (1,000 mg)
  • EPA: 200 mg
  • DHA: 400 mg
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (600 mg), fish oil (1,000 mg)
  • EPA: 200 mg
  • DHA: 400 mg
  • Best tasting fish oil supplement
  • Form: gelcap
  • Number of servings: 30 servings per container
  • Dose: 2 gelcaps per day
  • Certifications: ORIVO certified
  • Price: $$
  • Use code "HEALTHLINE20" for 20% off.

    Healthline's review

    Mindbodygreen's omega-3 softgels feature organic lemon oil and rosemary extract to help mask the unpleasant taste and smell of fish oil.

    Each 2-capsule serving provides 1,500 mg of total omega-3s, sourced from wild-caught anchovies.

    Omega-3 potency+ is certified by ORIVO, a third-party organization that confirms purity and potency of omega-3 supplements.

    What our tester says

    "When I first got the omega-3 supplements from mindbodygreen, I was impressed by the look of the bottle, as it's a thicker amber glass that looks nice versus the typical plastic colorful vitamin bottles.

    "As I am not the best at taking pills, I was a bit scared of the size of these pills. However, given it's a gelcap it was relatively easy to swallow the two pills each day.

    "As directed, I took the pills with food, choosing to have it each morning with my breakfast. I was happily surprised to not have any taste, knowing these are made of anchovy. Also, I know 'fish burps' are common with fish oil supplements, but I did not experience any burping.

    "The price point is high enough that it does give me pause to continue with this brand, although I have enjoyed the tasteless aspect and just the overall look."

    — Jenna Shippee

    "When I first got the omega-3 supplements from mindbodygreen, I was impressed by the look of the bottle, as it's a thicker amber glass that looks nice versus the typical plastic colorful vitamin bottles.

    "As I am not the best at taking pills, I was a bit scared of the size of these pills. However, given it's a gelcap it was relatively easy to swallow the two pills each day.

    "As directed, I took the pills with food, choosing to have it each morning with my breakfast. I was happily surprised to not have any taste, knowing these are made of anchovy. Also, I know 'fish burps' are common with fish oil supplements, but I did not experience any burping.

    "The price point is high enough that it does give me pause to continue with this brand, although I have enjoyed the tasteless aspect and just the overall look."

    — Jenna Shippee

    Pros & cons
  • sustainable fishing practices
  • third-party certified
  • lemon flavor
  • sustainable fishing practices
  • third-party certified
  • lemon flavor
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): purified fish oil 2,144 mg, total omega-3s 1,714 mg, EPA + DHA omega-3s 1500 mg
  • EPA: 857 mg per serving
  • DHA: 643 mg per serving
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): purified fish oil 2,144 mg, total omega-3s 1,714 mg, EPA + DHA omega-3s 1500 mg
  • EPA: 857 mg per serving
  • DHA: 643 mg per serving
  • Best liquid fish oil supplement
  • Form: liquid
  • Number of servings: 100 per container
  • Dose: 1 tsp per day
  • Certifications: IFOS certified, Friend of the Sea certified sustainable, non-GMO tested
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    For people who prefer using liquid fish oil instead of softgels or capsules, this supplement is a great option.

    Each teaspoon (5 mL) contains 1,600 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, with 1,300 mg from EPA and DHA sourced from wild-caught anchovies, sardines, and mackerel.

    It's not only certified by IFOS but also non-GMO verified, meaning that it's free of any genetically modified organisms.

    It's also rich in vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin that doubles as an antioxidant.

    Plus, it's available in several flavors, including Lemon, Orange, Mixed Berry, and Just Peachie, which make it great for mixing into smoothies or juices.

    Pros & cons
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • liquid formulation that may be easier for some
  • lemon and orange flavors
  • minimal ingredients
  • third-party certified
  • non-GMO verified
  • some reviews noting that the cap may leak
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • liquid formulation that may be easier for some
  • lemon and orange flavors
  • minimal ingredients
  • third-party certified
  • non-GMO verified
  • some reviews noting that the cap may leak
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (4.6 g)
  • EPA: 800 mg per serving
  • DHA: 500 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon, orange, mixed berry, just peachie, green apple, fruit splash, bubble gum, unflavored
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (4.6 g)
  • EPA: 800 mg per serving
  • DHA: 500 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon, orange, mixed berry, just peachie, green apple, fruit splash, bubble gum, unflavored
  • Best affordable fish oil supplement
  • Form: capsule
  • Number of servings: 200 per container
  • Dose: 1 to 2 capsules per day
  • Certifications: IFOS certified
  • Price: $
  • Healthline's review

    With 900 mg of omega-3 fatty acids packed into a single softgel, this Triple Strength Omega-3 supplement is an excellent option for people seeking to simplify their routine. Plus, it's the most affordable option on our list.

    In addition to earning a 5-star rating from IFOS, all InnovixLabs pills are produced from sustainably sourced fish like anchovies, sardines, and mackerel and are purified to remove harmful compounds like mercury.

    The capsules have an enteric coating to keep them from breaking down and dissolving in your stomach. This is thought to help minimize side effects, such as fishy burps and aftertaste.

    Pros & cons
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • enteric coating to reduce side effects
  • one-a-day formulation
  • third-party certified
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • enteric coating to reduce side effects
  • one-a-day formulation
  • third-party certified
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil concentrate (1,200 mg)
  • EPA: 480 mg per serving
  • DHA: 360 mg per serving
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil concentrate (1,200 mg)
  • EPA: 480 mg per serving
  • DHA: 360 mg per serving
  • Best high dose fish oil supplement
  • Form: softgel
  • Number of servings: 90 per container
  • Dose: 2 softgels per day
  • Certifications: IFOS certified, Labdoor Tested for Sport, non-GMO
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    This simple fish oil formula supplies 2,000 mg of omega-3 fatty acids in every serving, with 1,880 mg of combined EPA and DHA.

    In addition to being IFOS certified, it's produced from small, wild-caught fish like mackerel, anchovies, and sardines that have been caught using sustainable fishing practices.

    The oil also undergoes a purification process that helps eliminate any fishy odor or aftertaste.

    Pros & cons
  • high dose omega-3
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • third-party certified
  • has a fishy smell, according to reviewers
  • high dose omega-3
  • sourced from wild-caught small fish
  • third-party certified
  • has a fishy smell, according to reviewers
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (2,200 mg), omega 3s (2,000 mg)
  • EPA: 1,400 mg per serving
  • DHA: 480 mg per serving
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (2,200 mg), omega 3s (2,000 mg)
  • EPA: 1,400 mg per serving
  • DHA: 480 mg per serving
  • Best gummy fish oil supplement
  • Form: gummy
  • Number of servings: 75 per container
  • Dose: 2 gummies per day
  • Certifications: USP verified
  • Price: $$
  • Healthline's review

    If you don't like taking softgels, these gummies are a great alternative to bump up your intake of omega-3 fatty acids.

    They contain 57 mg of combined EPA and DHA per serving and are sourced from wild-caught ocean fish.

    They're also verified by USP and free of any synthetic dyes and flavors.

    However, keep in mind that these gummies supply a much lower dose of omega-3 fatty acids than most other fish oil supplements. They also contain 3 grams of added sugar per serving.

    Instead of relying on gummies to meet your omega-3 needs entirely, it's best to use them as part of a balanced diet filled with plenty of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

    Pros & cons
  • easy-to-take gummy form
  • third-party tested
  • relatively small amounts of DHA and EPA
  • contains added sugar
  • easy-to-take gummy form
  • third-party tested
  • relatively small amounts of DHA and EPA
  • contains added sugar
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (227 mg)
  • EPA: 9.5 mg per serving
  • DHA: 47.5 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: strawberry, lemon, orange
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): fish oil (227 mg)
  • EPA: 9.5 mg per serving
  • DHA: 47.5 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: strawberry, lemon, orange
  • Form: liquid
  • Number of servings: 48 per container
  • Dose: 1 tsp per day
  • Certifications: third-party tested for purity and potency, non-GMO tested, Friend of the Sea certified sustainable
  • Price: $$$
  • Healthline's review

    Cod liver oil is a unique type of fish oil pressed from the livers of cod, a type of fish that's a rich source of the fat-soluble vitamins A and D in addition to omega-3s.

    Sourced exclusively from wild Arctic cod from the Norwegian Sea, this supplement is available in liquid and softgel forms. It provides 600 mg to 850 mg of combined EPA and DHA, depending on which product you select.

    Nordic Naturals supplements are sustainably produced, non-GMO, and certified by third-party organizations, such as Friend of the Sea and European Pharmacopoeia.

    This product is available in several flavors, including unflavored, orange, strawberry, and lemon.

    Pros & cons
  • available in liquid or capsule form
  • sourced from wild-caught Arctic cod
  • available in several flavors
  • third-party tested
  • non-GMO verified
  • available in liquid or capsule form
  • sourced from wild-caught Arctic cod
  • available in several flavors
  • third-party tested
  • non-GMO verified
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (1,060 mg)
  • EPA: 340 mg per serving
  • DHA: 510 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon, orange, strawberry, unflavored
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (1,060 mg)
  • EPA: 340 mg per serving
  • DHA: 510 mg per serving
  • Available flavors: lemon, orange, strawberry, unflavored
  • Best fish oil supplement for kids
  • Form: liquid
  • Number of servings: 48 per bottle, 96 per bottle, and 192 per bottle
  • Dose: 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 mL) per day
  • Certifications: third-party tested for purity and potency, non-GMO verified
  • Price: $$
  • Healthline's review

    Looking for a fish oil your kid might take without complaint? Nordic Naturals makes our list again, this time for its children's DHA supplement.

    The supplement comes in two kid-approved flavors, Strawberry and Orange, and is also available in gummy form.

    It provides 255 mg of DHA and 170 mg of EPA per each 1/2 teaspoon (2.5 mL) serving.

    The product is made for children ages 1–6.

    It's important for children to get enough omega-3s, particularly DHA, because it's vital for brain development and eye health.

    However, there are currently no specific guidelines for DHA intake. Instead, there are guidelines for total omega-3 intake, which are as follows:

  • Ages 1–3: 700 mg
  • Ages 4–8: 900 mg
  • Ages 9–13: 1,000 mg for girls; 1,200 mg for boys
  • What our tester says

    Healthline editor Crystal Hoshaw regularly purchases the gummy softgel version of this supplement for her son.

    She shared, "I love these products. I know I'm getting the best bang for my buck when I buy Nordic Naturals. My son never has trouble taking these, and when he gets bored of one flavor, we switch to the other for a while to change things up."

    Healthline editor Crystal Hoshaw regularly purchases the gummy softgel version of this supplement for her son.

    She shared, "I love these products. I know I'm getting the best bang for my buck when I buy Nordic Naturals. My son never has trouble taking these, and when he gets bored of one flavor, we switch to the other for a while to change things up."

    Pros & cons
  • formulated for kids ages 1 and older
  • third-party tested for purity and potency
  • kid-friendly flavors
  • non-GMO verified
  • available as a liquid or gummy
  • no artificial flavors or colors
  • reviewers note some kids don't like the taste
  • formulated for kids ages 1 and older
  • third-party tested for purity and potency
  • kid-friendly flavors
  • non-GMO verified
  • available as a liquid or gummy
  • no artificial flavors or colors
  • reviewers note some kids don't like the taste
  • Product details
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (530 mg)
  • EPA: 170 mg
  • DHA: 255 mg
  • Available flavors: Strawberry, Orange
  • Active ingredient(s) (serving strength): omega-3s (530 mg)
  • EPA: 170 mg
  • DHA: 255 mg
  • Available flavors: Strawberry, Orange
  • When rounding up the best fish oil supplements, we considered the following factors:

  • Vetting: All the products included were vetted to ensure they meet Healthline's medical and business standards, including but not limited to:
  • adhering to allowable health claims and labeling requirements, per Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations
  • manufactured in facilities that adhere to current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) established by the FDA
  • produced by medically credible companies that follow ethical, legal, and industry best standards
  • Quality: In addition to the quality of ingredients, we looked at the company's testing and manufacturing processes. The products selected are made by companies that provide objective measures of trust, such as having their supplements validated by third-party labs.
  • Fish oil source: We prioritized supplements with oil from smaller fish because they're typically lower in mercury than larger fish.
  • Certifications: We prioritized products with additional certifications from independent organizations to help ensure quality, transparency, and safety beyond third-party testing. However, we also included many products that use other methods to verify quality.
  • Price: We included products to suit a variety of budgets.
  • *Third-party testing refers to whether the purity and potency of a product has been confirmed by a third-party lab.

    Photos provided by Kelli McGrane, MS, RD

  • Supplement quality: It's important to check the ingredient list carefully and steer clear of supplements containing fillers or artificial ingredients. Ideally, you can look for products that have undergone third-party testing and are certified by an independent organization such as IFOS, USP, NSF International, or the TGA.
  • Omega-3 content: Look for supplements that contain around 250 mg to 500 mg of combined EPA and DHA per serving. Some products may also contain ALA, a form of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants that's converted to EPA and DHA in small amounts.
  • Serving size: Some supplements may require you to take multiple capsules or gummies each day while others provide the entire dose in a single shot. If this is important to you, be sure to check the recommended serving size prior to purchasing.
  • Fish oil source: You may want to consider the source of the fish oil as well. Ideally, opt for smaller, sustainably caught fish, like sardines and anchovies, which tend to contain lower levels of mercury.
  • Supplement type: There are also several forms of fish oil supplements, including softgels, liquids, or gummies. Which one works best for you will largely be a matter of preference.
  • Freshness: Purchasing from a reputable brand can help ensure that you're getting fish oil at its peak freshness. In fact, some supplements may undergo third-party testing to check for oxidation, which can be a sign of rancidity. You should also check the expiration date carefully and avoid buying in large batches to maintain freshness.
  • Fish oil is a top source of omega-3 fatty acids, called polyunsaturated fats, which play important roles in many processes in your body, including those involving inflammation, immunity, heart health, and brain function.

    There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids:

  • Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are primarily found in fish and are biologically active forms of omega-3. This means that they are in a form that the body can use.
  • Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is found in plant foods, and your body must convert it to EPA and DHA in order to use it.
  • All omega-3s are anti-inflammatory and may have a positive effect on many conditions thought to be related to chronic inflammation — particularly heart disease. EPA and DHA may also help lower high triglyceride levels, a risk factor for heart disease.

    Additionally, omega-3s play a key role in vision and eye health, as they're necessary for eye development. However, while some studies suggest that they may help in the treatment of dry eye disease, other research has turned up conflicting results.

    Omega-3s are also important for brain health. During infancy and childhood, they're necessary for proper neurological development.

    In older adults, omega-3 supplementation may play a role in promoting brain function and preventing cognitive decline.

    The most common side effect of fish oil supplements is fishy burps, but there are now several "burpless" fish oil products on the market that claim to cut down on this unpleasant but harmless side effect.

    Some people might also experience digestive issues after taking fish oil, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.

    If you experience nausea or vomiting after taking fish oil, you can check the expiration date. The oil may deteriorate and become rancid. Consider lowering your dosage or taking the supplement with a meal to decrease any uncomfortable side effects.

    You should also check with a doctor before taking fish oil if you're taking other medications or have any underlying health conditions, as high doses could increase the risk of bleeding or suppress immune function.

    What is the best fish oil supplement for cholesterol?

    The simple answer is that there is no simple answer. Research on the potential effects of fish oil on cholesterol levels has been conflicting. According to a 2021 study, higher blood levels of DHA could be linked to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels.

    On the other hand, one review concluded that fish oil supplements could actually increase LDL cholesterol, while other research suggests that eating fresh fish might be a better option for improving cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

    Therefore, it's best to consult a doctor before taking fish oil if you have high cholesterol levels.

    The simple answer is that there is no simple answer. Research on the potential effects of fish oil on cholesterol levels has been conflicting. According to a 2021 study, higher blood levels of DHA could be linked to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol levels.

    On the other hand, one review concluded that fish oil supplements could actually increase LDL cholesterol, while other research suggests that eating fresh fish might be a better option for improving cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

    Therefore, it's best to consult a doctor before taking fish oil if you have high cholesterol levels.

    How do I take fish oil?

    You can take fish oil every day, at whatever time works for you. Because fish oil does not offer immediate benefits, what's most important is that you take it consistently, ideally alongside a fat-containing meal to boost absorption.

    If you experience side effects from fish oil supplements, such as nausea or acid reflux, you may find the supplement easier to tolerate by splitting it into two smaller doses throughout the day.

    Keep in mind that omega-3 products and fish oil supplements can have blood-thinning effects in high doses. Fish oil might also cause other side effects, including diarrhea, insomnia, and high blood sugar levels.

    A doctor can provide guidance on how much you should take. It's also important to check with a healthcare professional before taking fish oil if you're also taking a blood-thinning medication, such as warfarin or another anticoagulant.

    You can take fish oil every day, at whatever time works for you. Because fish oil does not offer immediate benefits, what's most important is that you take it consistently, ideally alongside a fat-containing meal to boost absorption.

    If you experience side effects from fish oil supplements, such as nausea or acid reflux, you may find the supplement easier to tolerate by splitting it into two smaller doses throughout the day.

    Keep in mind that omega-3 products and fish oil supplements can have blood-thinning effects in high doses. Fish oil might also cause other side effects, including diarrhea, insomnia, and high blood sugar levels.

    A doctor can provide guidance on how much you should take. It's also important to check with a healthcare professional before taking fish oil if you're also taking a blood-thinning medication, such as warfarin or another anticoagulant.

    Should you take fish oil every day?

    You can take fish oil every day. However, taking high doses of fish oil (at least 900 mg of EPA plus 600 mg DHA) over time may promote immune system suppression because of the powerful anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fats.

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